Jnj covid vaccine production7/24/2023 The most common vaccine development approach was based on the spike protein of the virus as an antigen because it is the only surface protein on the microorganism and it is readily accessible by antibodies and immunological cells in the body. As a result, many preclinical candidates for the anti-Covid-19 vaccine were developed, driven by the urgency of the pandemic and the support afforded by numerous funding sources (a situation that has not existed for other vaccines). Indeed, research funds are usually enough for one candidate at a time to be developed and experimented on however, during the current situation many approaches were tested simultaneously. The reason for this time difference is simple: first of all, pharmaceutical companies such as Pfizer, Moderna, and AstraZeneca invested enormous resources to achieve their goal and thereby combat this pandemic and stop the millions of deaths it has caused. The anti-CoV-2 vaccines were developed in a much shorter time than previous vaccines: past vaccines took approximately eight to ten years before being used in humans, whereas the anti-SARS-CoV-2 vaccines were ready in eight to ten months. These challenges involve mainly the preparation of vaccines or novel and efficacious therapies to induce an early protective response in individuals 3 During the last century, vaccines proved their efficacy to eradicate once widespread life-threatening and debilitating diseases such as smallpox and polio. 2Ĭhallenges in vaccine development, protective immune monitoring, and toxicity are common to the infectious disease research field. SARS-CoV-2 affects mainly the respiratory system with most severe cases presenting primarily an acute respiratory distress syndrome. This virus is highly contagious and the resulting disease has led to an ongoing pandemic. 1 The novel coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 has emerged as a severe threat against public health. Each unit of the spike trimer contains an S1 and S2 subunit, with the N-terminal S1 subunit binding to the cellular angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) receptor through an internal receptor-binding domain (RBD). Like SARS-CoV and many other coronaviruses, SARS-CoV-2 utilizes its surface spike glycoprotein to enter host cells. SARS-CoV-2 is genetically close to the SARS-CoV virus that emerged in 2002. The disease is caused by a new coronavirus, named SARS-CoV-2, similar to the severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) virus. They could also be used for the infection by virus variants which represent a big problem due to their higher transmissibility and virulence and to their lower response to the vaccines.Ĭovid-19 is a pneumonia-like disease identified first in Wuhan, China. Two antibodies (bamlanivimab and etesevimab) have just been approved by the FDA. The monoclonal antibodies appeared to be a valid solution for the treatment of Covid-19 disease. This strategy is also based on accelerating the administration of the vaccines, so that as many subjects as possible can be vaccinated quickly for achieving the “herd immunity”. The vaccination strategy based on the age group remains the simplest, most transparent and fair criterion. ![]() The problem of the administrated doses (one dose, two doses from the same vaccine or from different vaccines, half dose) is also discussed. The efficacy of Astra-Zeneca and Janssen is about 70% and 65%, respectively in the case of Janssen, it depends on the geographical area ranging from 72% to 57%. The efficacy of Pfizer and Moderna for preventing disease or severe disease results 95–87.5% and 94.5–100%, respectively. ![]() Four vaccines are currently used in Italy: Pfizer-BioNTech mRNA BNT162b2 (Comirnaty) (USA), Moderna mRNA 1273 (USA), Astra-Zeneca ChAdOx1-S (recombinant) viral vector adenovirus belonging to Oxford (UK) and Pomezia (Italy), Janssen (two recombinant viral vector adenoviruses) belonging to Johnson & Johnson (USA). In addition, the problem of the dose units, the vaccinal strategy, the activity of alternative compounds such as the monoclonal antibodies and especially the issue of the virus variants were also described in detail. We evaluated the mechanism of action of each vaccine as well as the efficacy, the safety and the storage temperature. This review takes into consideration the principal vaccines developed against the SARS-CoV-2 in this unprecedented period of Covid-19 pandemic.
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